New Technologies Reshaping Electrical Work Worldwide

Introduction

If you are a professional electrician working abroad and considering a move to Romania, you are looking at a market that is embracing the newest technologies faster than ever. Across Europe and particularly in Romania, smart grids, renewable energy, industrial automation, and building digitization are changing how electrical work is designed, installed, commissioned, and maintained. For electricians relocating from Global to Romania, this transformation translates into strong job demand, higher-skill roles, and long-term career security.

This guide gives you a complete, practical overview. You will learn about the Romanian job market for electricians, what certifications and licenses you need (including ANRE authorization), the legal and visa processes for non-EU citizens, realistic salary ranges, local living costs, and practical steps for landing work. You will also see how new technologies like EV charging, photovoltaic systems, battery storage, smart buildings, and industrial automation are shaping day-to-day tasks and the tools modern electricians must master.

Whether your specialty is residential wiring, industrial maintenance, automation, or renewable energy installation, Romania offers a gateway into the European Union with competitive earnings and a lower cost of living. Let's explore how to position yourself to succeed.

Why Romania?

Romania combines European Union membership, a growing construction and manufacturing base, expanding green energy targets, and a cost of living that is significantly lower than many Western European countries. For electricians, it is a practical place to plant roots, build credentials recognized across the EU, and access regional projects.

Key reasons to choose Romania:

EU membership and regional access: Once you are legally working in Romania, you are positioned for collaborations with EU-based contractors, cross-border projects, and long-term European career mobility.
Strong demand for electricians: Residential construction in cities like Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Iasi is steady. Industrial facilities and logistics hubs keep expanding. Data centers and commercial developments are on the rise. Renewable energy projects are scaling quickly.
Lower cost of living: Housing, transport, and daily expenses are generally lower than in Western Europe, so your take-home pay stretches further.
Real upskilling potential: EV charging networks, PV and battery storage, building management systems, and Industry 4.0 automation are moving from niche to mainstream in Romania. Employers need electricians who can move beyond basic wiring into commissioning, testing, and digital troubleshooting.
Work-life balance: Standard workweeks, 20+ days of paid annual leave, and increasing adherence to EU-level safety practices make Romania a livable and professional environment.

Job Market Overview

Romania's electrical and construction services sector is diversified. You will find opportunities across:

Renewable energy installations

Utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) parks in counties like Arad, Giurgiu, and Dolj create demand for DC cable installation, combiner boxes, inverters, medium-voltage (MV) connections, and SCADA integration.
Rooftop PV for residential and commercial clients is booming, especially in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca. Installers seek electricians skilled in string sizing, I-V curve testing, inverter commissioning, and grid protection settings.
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) and hybrid PV-diesel solutions are growing. Electricians with DC safety knowledge, battery systems integration, and monitoring setup stand out.

EV charging infrastructure

Urban centers and motorways are building dense EV charging networks. Electricians are needed for AC wallboxes, 22 kW commercial chargers, and DC fast chargers (50 kW to 350 kW), including foundation work, cable routing, CTs, protection coordination, networking, and OCPP configuration.
Companies operating networks across Romania need technicians for preventive maintenance, fault diagnostics, firmware updates, and load management tuning.

Industrial automation and manufacturing

Timisoara and Cluj-Napoca host automotive, electronics, and component factories that require PLC wiring, control panel assembly, VFD installation, safety circuits, and fieldbus networks (Profinet, Modbus, Ethernet/IP).
Commissioning teams are needed to bring new production lines to life and maintain uptime with predictive maintenance and power quality monitoring.

Commercial and residential construction

New residential complexes in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, and Iasi need electricians for low-voltage distribution, lighting control, RCD protection, surge protection, and structured cabling.
Commercial sites and offices increasingly adopt smart building systems such as KNX, BACnet, and integrated building management systems (BMS). Electricians who can wire, address, test, and document intelligent devices are in high demand.

Power distribution and smart grids

Distribution operators are rolling out smart meters, automation of substations, and better power quality monitoring. Electricians with MV experience, protection relays knowledge, and IEC 61850 familiarity can move into higher-responsibility roles.

Typical employers and hiring setups:

Electrical contractors and EPCs working on utility projects and large-scale construction.
Industrial facilities and FM (facility management) companies seeking in-house maintenance teams.
Renewable energy developers and O&M providers.
Specialized EV charging companies.
Subcontractors who place site teams on regional projects.

Where to look:

Bucharest: Headquarters of many contractors, data centers, commercial developments, and EV charging deployments.
Cluj-Napoca: Strong tech ecosystem, residential growth, and industrial automation projects.
Timisoara: Manufacturing hub with automotive and electronics plants, plus cross-border projects toward Central Europe.
Iasi: Growing residential and commercial market, plus public infrastructure development.

New Technologies and Tools Electricians Should Master

Modern electrical work in Romania mirrors wider EU trends. The following technologies will define your day-to-day tasks and career trajectory.

Smart grids and digital substations

Smart metering and AMI: Expect to install meters that communicate over cellular or RF mesh networks. Knowledge of CT and VT wiring, tamper detection, and proper sealing matters.
Digital substations: Increasing use of IEC 61850, process bus, and merging units. Electricians who understand fiber patching, networked protection relays, and time synchronization (PTP) are valuable.
Distribution automation: Reclosers, sectionalizers, and remote switching require field wiring, sensor calibration, and reliable communications.

Renewable energy and storage

PV systems: DC string wiring best practices, connector crimping and torque spec compliance, correct string fusing, and I-V curve testing. Familiarity with rapid shutdown solutions and anti-islanding protection.
Inverters and grid codes: Grid-tie inverters must meet Romanian and EU requirements for voltage/frequency ride-through and reactive power control. Commissioning involves setting parameters, verifying protection, and data logging.
BESS: Work includes battery racks, DC busbars, BMS interconnects, and HVAC power for battery containers. Safety training and lockout-tagout (LOTO) are mandatory.

EV charging infrastructure

AC and DC chargers: Understanding of three-phase supply, load balancing, PEN fault detection, earthing, and Type B RCDs where required.
Communications and OCPP: Field technicians set IP addresses, handle SIM-based connectivity, and interact with back-office platforms.
Site power quality: Harmonics, flicker, and short-circuit capacity must be assessed. You will use power quality analyzers and advanced clamp meters.

Smart buildings and IoT

KNX, DALI, BACnet, Modbus: Wiring topologies, addressing, and device commissioning for lighting, HVAC control, and blind automation.
PoE lighting and networked sensors: Low-voltage cabling, power budgets, and switch configuration basics.
Access control, CCTV, and fire systems: Integration requires adherence to local codes and manufacturer commissioning procedures.

Industrial automation

PLC and HMI panels: Panel wiring, cable duct management, labeling, and grounding practices. Basic PLC I/O testing and motor protection tuning.
Drives and motion: VFD wiring, EMC filters, shield grounding, and motor thermal protection.
Safety circuits: E-stops, safety relays, light curtains, and safety PLCs, following EU machinery safety standards.

Digital tools for electricians

Test and measurement: Bluetooth-enabled clamp meters and multimeters, insulation resistance testers, earth resistance testers, power quality analyzers, thermal imaging cameras, and EVSE/power analyzer kits.
PV and battery testing: I-V curve tracers, commissioning apps, string monitoring calibration.
Documentation and BIM: Mobile apps for redlines, PDF markups, QR-coded labels, and basic BIM viewer skills to navigate 3D models. Digital handover packages with test reports and as-built drawings are increasingly required.
Remote diagnostics: VPN-based access and secure remote support are standard in automation and EV charging O&M.

Safety equipment aligned with EU norms

Arc-rated clothing, face shields, gloves compliant with IEC 61482 and IEC 60903.
LOTO kits, voltage detectors meeting IEC 61243, and proving units.
Fall protection for rooftop work, rope access where applicable.

Legal Requirements for Global Citizens

If you are not an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen, you will typically follow this pathway:

Find a Romanian employer and secure a job offer

Your employer applies for a work permit (aviz de munca) at the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI). They will submit proof that the position is legitimate and that the salary meets legal thresholds for your category. Processing can take several weeks.
Categories include permanent worker, seasonal worker, trainee, and cases aligned with EU Blue Card for highly skilled professionals.

Obtain a long-stay visa for employment

Once the work permit is approved, apply for a long-stay employment visa at a Romanian consulate in your country of residence. This is typically a D/AM visa.
You will need your passport, work permit, proof of accommodation, medical insurance, criminal record certificate, and proof of means.

Enter Romania and apply for the residence permit

After arriving with the D/AM visa, you must apply for a residence permit (permit de sedere) with IGI, generally within 90 days.
The residence permit will specify your right to work for the employer who sponsored your permit.

EU Blue Card route (if eligible)

If you have a university degree in a relevant field and a higher salary level, you may qualify for the EU Blue Card in Romania. This can provide more flexible mobility within the EU.

Practical notes:

Timing: Expect 1 to 3 months from job offer to entry, depending on document readiness and consular load.
Family members: Spouses and dependents can often obtain family reunification residence permits after the principal applicant's residence permit is issued.
Change of employer: Changing employers may require a new work permit. Plan ahead and discuss with IGI.

EU/EEA/Swiss citizens benefit from freedom of movement and do not need a visa or work permit, but you should register your residency locally and meet employer verification requirements.

Certification and License Recognition in Romania

In Romania, electricians are typically authorized by ANRE, the National Energy Regulatory Authority. ANRE authorization comes in grades (I to IV) that reflect voltage levels and responsibilities, with specific scopes such as design, execution, operation, and verification. This authorization is widely required by employers for installing, operating, or maintaining electrical installations connected to public networks or within industrial facilities.

Key points:

ANRE grades I to IV: Higher grades authorize work at higher voltage levels and broader responsibilities. Employers often specify the minimum ANRE grade required for a role or site.
Scopes: Scopes may include execution, design, operation, or verification. Confirm the scope you need for your niche (for example, execution for installation work, operation for running installations, design if you plan to produce technical designs).
Safety courses: Site access commonly requires Romanian occupational health and safety (SSM) and fire safety (PSI) certifications from accredited providers.

Converting or validating your credentials:

Education recognition: If you hold foreign diplomas or trade qualifications, you may need recognition from CNRED (National Center for Recognition and Equivalence of Diplomas) or presentation of vocational certificates, depending on the ANRE application requirements.
Document preparation: Most foreign documents will need legalized translation into Romanian. Use authorized translators in Romania or Romanian consulates abroad. Depending on origin, you may need an apostille or consular legalization.
Professional experience: ANRE authorization relies on both education and experience. Prepare employment certificates, reference letters, and a detailed CV with project descriptions.
Exams and applications: ANRE issues authorizations via application and, where required, examination. The process is conducted in Romanian. Consider a preparatory course to learn technical terminology in Romanian.
Validity and renewal: ANRE authorizations are time-bound and require periodic renewal, including CPD or refresher requirements as set by ANRE.

Romanian and EU standards you will encounter:

SR HD 60364: National adoption of IEC 60364 for low-voltage electrical installations, covering everything from cable sizing to protection and RCDs.
SR EN 50110: Operation of electrical installations, relevant for safe work procedures, isolation, and testing.
EU Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU: Governs safety of electrical equipment between 50 V and 1000 V AC. Installers must ensure equipment has CE marking and is compliant with harmonized standards.
EMC Directive 2014/30/EU: For electromagnetic compatibility of equipment you install.
Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and ATEX 2014/34/EU: Important in industrial environments and explosive atmospheres.

Tip: If you are from a country that uses AWG sizes and 120 V systems, prepare to work in 230/400 V, 50 Hz environments with metric cable sizes (mm2). Buy or carry a conversion chart and begin using torque specifications in N·m.

Salary and Benefits

Salary levels vary by city, specialization, and your ANRE grade. The approximate exchange rate used here is 1 EUR = 5 RON.

Typical monthly net salaries for electricians:

Entry to mid-level residential or commercial electricians: 4,000 to 6,500 RON net (about 800 to 1,300 EUR).
Experienced industrial or construction electricians with ANRE II or III: 6,000 to 9,500 RON net (about 1,200 to 1,900 EUR).
Commissioning, automation, or high-responsibility roles (EV DC fast chargers, PV/BESS commissioning, BMS integration, or ANRE IV roles): 9,000 to 13,000 RON net (about 1,800 to 2,600 EUR), sometimes higher on major projects.

Project-based and freelance rates:

Daily rates for experienced site electricians: 400 to 800 RON per day.
Supervisors, foremen, or commissioning specialists: 800 to 1,500 RON per day, depending on scope and certification.

Benefits and allowances commonly offered:

Meal vouchers (tichete de masa) with monthly value governed by law.
Per diem (diurna) for out-of-town work, plus accommodation and transport.
Overtime rates or time off in lieu, depending on contract.
Private health insurance and annual medical checks for certain employers.
Workwear, PPE, and sometimes tool allowances.

Taxes and net pay considerations:

Romania applies social contributions and income tax to salaries. Exact take-home depends on your contract type and sector. The construction sector may have tax facilities that increase net pay for eligible roles. Confirm with your employer and consider a payroll simulation before signing.

Comparison with Global:

While headline salaries may be lower than in Western Europe, the lower cost of living in Romania improves purchasing power. With overtime, per diem, and steady employment, total annual compensation can be attractive, especially if you develop in-demand skills.

Cost of Living in Romanian Cities

Housing (monthly rent):

Bucharest: 1-bedroom apartment 450 to 1,000 EUR depending on neighborhood; 2-bedroom 700 to 1,500 EUR. New-build areas near business parks and the city center command higher prices.
Cluj-Napoca: 1-bedroom 500 to 900 EUR; 2-bedroom 700 to 1,300 EUR. Student demand and tech sector jobs lift rents.
Timisoara: 1-bedroom 400 to 700 EUR; 2-bedroom 600 to 1,000 EUR.
Iasi: 1-bedroom 350 to 600 EUR; 2-bedroom 500 to 900 EUR.

Utilities:

80 to 150 EUR per month for electricity, gas, water, and internet in a typical apartment. Usage, insulation, and season impact costs.

Transport:

Public transport pass in Bucharest: about 80 to 140 RON per month depending on coverage (roughly 16 to 28 EUR). Other cities are generally cheaper.
Fuel: roughly 1.4 to 1.7 EUR per liter. Parking fees vary by district.
Ride-hailing and taxis are affordable compared to Western Europe.

Groceries and eating out:

Monthly groceries per adult: 150 to 300 EUR depending on diet.
Lunch menus at local restaurants: 6 to 12 EUR.
Coffee: 2 to 4 EUR.

Other living costs:

Mobile plans: 5 to 15 EUR per month for generous data.
Gym memberships: 25 to 60 EUR per month.
International schools exist in Bucharest and a few major cities, with fees comparable to other EU capitals.

Overall: Your net salary can cover rent, utilities, transport, and food with room to save, especially outside the most premium neighborhoods. Couples and families should budget carefully in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca due to higher rents.

Cultural Integration and Workplace Culture

Language basics:

Romanian is a Romance language. English is widely spoken in younger and technical communities, especially in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, and Timisoara.
Learn key phrases for site work. Examples:
- Buna ziua: Good day
- Buna dimineata: Good morning
- Multumesc: Thank you
- Va rog: Please
- Unde este tabloul electric: Where is the electrical panel
- Tensiune si curent: Voltage and current
- Siguranta si protectie: Safety and protection

Workplace culture:

Punctuality and planning matter. Daily toolbox talks and safety briefings are common on professional sites.
Documentation is important. You will be expected to use checklists, test reports, and commissioning forms.
Safety culture is improving rapidly. Proper PPE, LOTO, and permits to work are increasingly enforced.
Hierarchies exist, but collaboration is valued. Site managers appreciate proactive communication and problem-solving.

Local norms that help:

Use metric units consistently. Carry a pocket conversion chart if needed.
Keep a clean, labeled panel and leave updated schematics after modifications. Good documentation is noticed and rewarded.
Respect breaks and lunch schedules; many sites follow a standard early start and mid-day break.

Practical Steps to Relocate

Map your target role and city

Identify whether you want residential, industrial, renewable, or EV charging work. Choose a city aligned with your niche.
Bucharest for large contractors and data centers; Cluj-Napoca or Timisoara for industrial and tech-adjacent roles; Iasi for growing residential and public projects.

Prepare your CV and portfolio

Emphasize ANRE-relevant experience, safety training, and specific technologies: PV, EV charging, KNX, PLC panels, power quality analysis.
Include photos of panels you built, test reports you generated, and commissioning checklists you completed.
Keep your CV in English and consider a Romanian version for local HR.

Line up documents for authorization

Diplomas, trade certificates, and letters from employers detailing your responsibilities and voltage levels handled.
Criminal record certificate as required for visas and some employers.
Plan translations and legalizations: certified Romanian translations and apostille if applicable.

Apply for jobs and interviews

Target Romanian contractors, renewable developers, EV charging operators, and industrial firms. Use job platforms and company career pages.
Be ready to discuss safety, standards (SR HD 60364, SR EN 50110), and your hands-on experience with modern test equipment.

Employer work permit and your visa

Once you secure an offer, your employer applies for a work permit with IGI. After approval, you apply for the D/AM long-stay visa at the Romanian consulate.
Prepare proof of accommodation, medical insurance, and financial means as per consulate instructions.

Arrival and residence permit

After entering Romania with your visa, book an appointment with IGI to apply for your residence permit. Bring your employment contract and required documents.

Begin ANRE authorization process

Identify the ANRE grade and scope you need based on your job. Enroll with an accredited training provider if required and schedule the exam.
Gather supporting documents: diplomas, experience proofs, and any prior authorizations from other countries.

Safety induction and site onboarding

Complete SSM and PSI training. Familiarize yourself with site-specific rules, rescue plans for work at height, and LOTO procedures.

Build local networks

Join professional groups and meetups related to renewable energy, EV infrastructure, or industrial automation. Networking can open doors to future roles and freelance engagements.

Romanian Electrical Standards and Common Challenges

Standards and codes:

Voltage and frequency: Romania uses 230/400 V at 50 Hz. Sockets are Type F (Schuko). Three-phase is widely used in residential buildings for high loads.
Conductor identification: Brown for phase, blue for neutral, green-yellow for protective earth. Multi-phase colors align with EU practices.
RCDs: 30 mA RCDs are standard for socket circuits and increasingly used on lighting circuits. Type A or Type B may be required depending on loads such as EV chargers or variable frequency drives.
Earthing systems: TN-C-S and TN-S are common in modern buildings. Bonding and SPD selection follow SR HD 60364 guidance.
Documentation: As-built drawings, panel schedules, and test reports are often required for handover.

Common challenges for Global electricians:

Metric system: Cables measured in mm2, torque in N·m, distances in meters. Abandon AWG and foot-inch habits.
Tool compatibility: Battery chargers are often universal (100-240 V), but corded 120 V tools will not run on 230 V without a transformer. Ensure CE marking on tools used on EU job sites.
Product standards: Materials must be CE compliant and typically come with declarations of conformity. Get familiar with EU datasheets and harmonized standards.
Language on drawings: Schematics, panel labels, and method statements may be in Romanian. Learn key technical terms.
Testing protocols: Expect insulation resistance tests, RCD trip tests, earth loop impedance, and power quality logging to be part of handover documentation.

Technology-Ready Toolkits: What To Bring and What To Buy Locally

Core electrical test equipment:

True-RMS multimeter and clamp meter with harmonics measurement and Bluetooth logging.
Insulation resistance tester with PI and DAR functions for motors and cables.
Earth resistance tester (stake method and clamp method if you work on live systems).
Power quality analyzer for harmonics, flicker, inrush, and transients. Essential for EV chargers and drives.
RCD/loop/line impedance tester for verification per SR HD 60364.

Renewables and EV-specific tools:

PV I-V curve tracer and irradiance meter for commissioning.
MC4 crimp tools with calibrated dies and torque wrench for connectors.
EVSE test adapter with CP and PP simulation to test AC stations and Type B RCD behavior.

Industrial and smart building tools:

Label printer with heat-shrink and panel labeling tapes.
Network cable tester and basic PoE load tester for intelligent lighting and devices.
Laptop with serial and Ethernet adapters for PLCs, drives, and charger config.

Safety and access equipment:

Arc-rated clothing, leather protectors, insulated gloves certified to European standards, and class-appropriate face shields.
LOTO kits, voltage detector, and proving unit.
Rooftop harness and fall arrest kit for PV work.

Document and compliance considerations:

Ensure all tools and test instruments carry CE marking. Keep calibration certificates for critical meters.
Maintain digital job logs with photos, test values, and serial numbers. Employers appreciate robust handovers.

Success Tips From Other Expats

Get your ANRE path set early: Even if your first job does not require the highest grade, start working toward the grade and scope that future-proofs your career.
Specialize strategically: EV charging and PV/BESS commissioning provide fast upskilling and better pay. Combine that with strong testing skills.
Build local supplier relationships: Wholesalers in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Iasi can help you source compliant materials quickly. Know the reputable brands and availability.
Leverage bilingual capability: If you speak English and basic Romanian plus another language, you will be an asset on multinational sites. Learn the technical terms you need for daily work.
Keep safety front and center: EU-level safety expectations are non-negotiable on professional sites. Your reputation will grow with consistent, documented safe practices.
Document everything: Keep tidy panel layouts, produce clear as-built drawings, and archive test results. Quality documentation can be the difference between average and top-tier roles.

Conclusion and Call to Action

Romania is embracing the technologies that are reshaping electrical work worldwide: smart grids, EV infrastructure, renewable energy, and digitized buildings. For electricians relocating from Global, Romania offers EU exposure, competitive pay relative to living costs, and fast-growing demand for advanced skills.

If you are serious about relocating, take the next steps now: target your city and niche, prepare your documents and translations, start the ANRE authorization process, and apply to employers involved in renewables, EV charging, industrial automation, and smart buildings. The market is moving quickly. With the right preparation, you can step into a rewarding role and build a long-term EU career.

FAQ

Do I need ANRE authorization to work as an electrician in Romania?

Most professional roles require ANRE authorization, especially when working on installations connected to public networks or in industrial facilities. Employers may hire you if you commit to start the ANRE process immediately. Your grade and scope should match the voltage level and responsibilities of your job.

I am from outside the EU. What visa do I need?

You will need a work permit obtained by your employer from IGI and then a long-stay employment visa (commonly D/AM). After entering Romania, you must apply for a residence permit. If you have a university degree and a higher salary, the EU Blue Card route may be an option.

How different are Romanian electrical standards compared to my home country?

Romania follows EU-aligned standards such as SR HD 60364 for low voltage and SR EN 50110 for safe operation. If you are used to AWG and 120 V, you will switch to mm2 and 230/400 V. RCD use is more widespread and often mandatory. Product compliance and CE marking are central.

What salaries can I realistically expect in Bucharest versus other cities?

Bucharest tends to pay the highest, with experienced electricians earning roughly 6,500 to 13,000 RON net monthly depending on specialization. Cluj-Napoca and Timisoara are close behind. Iasi offers slightly lower averages but a lower cost of living. Overtime, per diem, and project bonuses can meaningfully boost take-home pay.

Can I bring my tools from abroad?

Yes, but check compatibility and compliance. Corded 120 V tools will not work on 230 V without a transformer. Battery chargers often accept 100-240 V. Tools must carry CE marking for EU job site compliance. Keep calibration certificates for test equipment.

How do I get my foreign qualifications recognized?

Prepare diplomas, trade certificates, and employment references. You may need CNRED recognition for academic credentials. All documents typically require certified Romanian translations and, depending on origin, apostille or consular legalization. ANRE will assess your eligibility and may require an exam.

What are the main growth areas for electricians in Romania?

Renewable energy (PV and BESS), EV charging infrastructure, smart buildings (KNX, BMS, DALI), and industrial automation (PLCs, VFDs, safety circuits). Power distribution automation and smart metering also create opportunities for those with MV and substation experience.

What does a typical workweek look like?

Standard is around 40 hours. Early starts are common. Many sites use daily briefings and toolbox talks. Overtime may occur on projects with tight deadlines and is usually compensated or taken as time off.

What basic Romanian should I learn for the job?

Greetings and safety terms are most important. Examples: Buna ziua (Good day), Va rog (Please), Multumesc (Thank you), Atentie la tensiune (Caution, voltage), Inchide alimentarea si blocheaza (Isolate and lock out). Learn to read panel labels and method statements in Romanian.

How do the EU Low Voltage and EMC Directives affect my work?

They ensure that equipment you install is safe and compatible. You must select CE-marked products with declarations of conformity. Following harmonized standards simplifies compliance. Installers should keep records of equipment certificates and test reports for handover.